2025 GCE ECZ SCIENCE P2 (CHEMISTRY )FULLY ANSWERED.

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Date: September 21, 2025
Science

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  7. B5. b(ii) Heavy metals can have severe and long-lasting effects on human health. Exposure to these metals can occur through contaminated air, water, food, or industrial activities. Here are some of the main harmful effects of heavy metals on human health:

    Neurological Effects
    – *Brain Damage*: Heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium can damage brain cells, leading to memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and even neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
    – *Cognitive Decline*: Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to lower IQ scores, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems in children ¹ ².

    Cardiovascular and Renal Effects
    – *Heart Disease*: Heavy metals like lead and cadmium can increase the risk of heart disease, hypertension, and stroke by damaging blood vessels and disrupting normal heart function.
    – *Kidney Damage*: Cadmium exposure is particularly toxic to the kidneys, causing damage and increasing the risk of kidney disease ³ ².

    Cancer Risk
    – *Carcinogenic Effects*: Heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and chromium are known carcinogens, increasing the risk of various types of cancer, including lung, bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer.
    – *DNA Damage*: Heavy metals can damage DNA, disrupt cell signals, and weaken the immune system's ability to fight cancer cells ⁴.

    Reproductive and Developmental Issues
    – *Birth Defects*: Prenatal exposure to heavy metals like mercury and lead can impair fetal brain development, leading to cognitive and behavioral problems in children.
    – *Reproductive Issues*: Heavy metal exposure has been linked to infertility, miscarriages, and developmental problems in children ¹ ².

    Other Health Effects
    – *Immune System Suppression*: Heavy metals can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.
    – *Gastrointestinal Problems*: Ingesting heavy metals can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea ⁵ ⁴.

    It's essential to minimize exposure to heavy metals by choosing clean food and water, avoiding contaminated environments, and taking protective measures in industries that involve heavy metal use. If you suspect heavy metal toxicity, consult a qualified healthcare professional for testing and guidance on safe detoxification methods.

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